Neural Plasticity
Vol. 11: No. 1/2, 2004
SPECIAL ISSUE
Clinical, experimental and
modeling studies in ADHD
This issue covers recent advances in our understanding of the basic processes which underpin the psycho-patho-physiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The papers are divided into three sections; human studies with clinical populations, animal model studies and mathematical modeling studies.
The clinical studies focus on the issue of neuropsychological and developmental heterogeneity in AD/HD. They attempt to identify some of the potentially multiple patho-physiological pathways to the disorder. The papers by Dalen and colleagues and Stevenson and colleagues provide evidence for the existence of, at least, two neuropsychologically quite distinct routes to the expression of AD/HD symptoms; a motivational pathway associated with intolerance for delay and a cognitive pathway associated with executive dysfunction. The paper by Sonuga-Barke highlights the importance of taking account of the role of this heterogeneity in AD/HD when developing new and potentially more effective non-pharmacological therapeutic options. The paper by Auerbach provides preliminary evidence for the way that developmental trajectories towards AD/HD are likely to be shaped by interactions of genetic and environmental factors operating in early environments. All of these papers challenge the view that AD/HD is a single psycho-patho-physiological entity understandable in terms of single simple deficits. On the other hand animal studies focus on the dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) systems, their interaction in the control of executive functions and sustained attention. They pertain to in vivo and in vitro observations using behavioral, pharmacological, molecular biology, morphometry, microdialysis, electrophysiology and cell culture techniques. Volpicelli et al. analyze the mechanisms involved in the acquisition of the dopamine phenotype, that is important for the developmental theories of ADHD. Masuo et al. investigate motor activity, catecholamine content, gene expression alterations in the striatum and midbrain and TH immunoreactivity in rats made hyperactive by postnatal 6-OH DA and endocrine disruptors. Carboni et al. review in vivo and vitro studies on the dopamine system of animal models of ADHD. Viggiano et al. review the effects of NET blockers and the NE-DA interaction in animal models of ADHD. These studies address the complexity of events that are involved in the expression of the dopamine phenotype, their susceptibility to environmental stressors, plasticity and interactions in adult animals.
Finally, computational modeling attempts have been made based on the wealth of data emerging from clinical and experimental studies. For instance, Williams and Taylor explore ADHD in terms of the temporal difference model, that accounts for the prediction error by dopamine cell activity. Viggiano et al. review changes in the dopamine system in hyperactive animals and model them by kinetic analysis. These attempts in modeling a human syndrome are highly promising for future development of this interdisciplinary approach.
ã 2004, Published by:
Freund & Pettman Publishers
Tel Aviv/London
Price: $100, including air mail
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contents Editorial: Clinical,
Experimental, and Modeling Studies in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder Edmund J.S. Sonuga-Barke and
Adolfo Sadile Inhibitory Deficits, Delay
Aversion and Preschool AD/HD: Implications for the Dual Pathway Model Lindy Dalen, Edmund J.S.
Sonuga-Barke, Martin Hall and Bob Remington The Nature of Hyperactivity in
Children and Adolescents with Hydrocephalus: A Test of the Dual Pathway Model Jim Stevenson and Ineke
Pit-ten Cate On the Reorganization of Incentive Structure to Promote Delay Tolerance; A Therapeutic Possibility for AD/HD? Edmund J.S. Sonuga-Barke Emerging Developmental Pathways
to ADHD: Possible Path Markers in Early Infancy Judith G. Auerbach, Naama
Atzaba-Poria, Andrea Berger, Rivka Landau Enhancement of Dopaminergic
Differentiation in Proliferating Midbrain Neuroblasts F. Volpicelli, C. Consales,
M. Caiazzo, L. Colucci-D'Amato, C. Perrone-Capano, U. di Porzio Effects of Neonatal Treatment
with 6-Hydroxydopamine and Endocrine Disruptors on Motor Activity and Gene
Expression in the Rat Y. Masuo, M. Ishido, M.
Morita, S. Oka Experimental Investigations on
Dopamine Transmission Can Provide Clues on the Mechanism of the Therapeutic
Effect of Amphetamine and Methylphenidate in Ad/hd E.
Carboni and A. Silvagni Dysfunctions in Dopamine
Systems and ADHD: Evidence from Animals and Modeling D. Viggiano, D. Vallone, A.
Sadile Dopamine Appetite and Cognitive
Impairment in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Jonathan Williams and Eric
Taylor Involvement of Norepinephrine
in the Control of Activity and Attentive Processes in Animal Models of
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder |
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